Upon completion of this learning program, you will be able to::

• Demonstrate the importance of blood glucose homeostasis.
• List the organs, tissues, cells, and molecules involved in blood glucose regulation.
• Explain the concept of negative feedback control and antagonistic regulation.
• Outline the cellular fate of glucose.

1. GETTING STARTED
   1. Sound Check
   2. Disclaimer
   3. Welcome
   4. Navigation Instructions
2. STAYING FOCUSED
   1. Introduction
   2. Learning Objectives
3. BLOOD SUGAR REGULATION
   1. Overview
   2. Glucose and Energy
   3. Sugar Sources (internal and external)
   4. Other Substances Found in Blood
   5. Homeostasis
   6. Normal Blood Sugar Ranges
   7. The Pancreas (Islets of Langerhans)
   8. Progress Check
4. HOMEOSTATIC MAINTENANCE
   1. Overview
   2. Causes of Blood Sugar Fluctuations
   3. Alpha Cells and Glucagon (acts on hepatocytes, glycogenolysis)
      • Side Note: Clinical Insights - Hypoglycemia
   4. Gluconeogenesis
   5. Beta Cells and Insulin (facilitates cellular uptake; glycogenesis)
      • Side Note: Clinical Insights - Hyperglycemia
   6. Negative Feedback Control
   7. Antagonistic Regulation Between Glucagon and Insulin
   8. Other Regulator of Pancreatic Hormones
      • Popup: Human Growth Hormone
      • Popup: Adrenocorticotropic Hormone
      • Popup: Cortisol
      • Popup: Acetylcholine
      • Popup: Arginine and Leucine
      • Popup: Glucose-dependent Insulinotropic Peptide
   9. Progress Check
5. CELLULAR UPTAKE
   1. Overview
   2. Cellular Energy Needs
   3. The Glucose Transporter
   4. Glucose Phosphorylation
   5. Glucose Breakdown (Glycolysis and Glucose Oxidation)
   6. Progress Check
6. TEST YOUR ACQUIRED KNOWLEDGE
   1. Summary
   2. Final assessment
7. END OF PROGRAM
8. GLOSSARY
9. REFERENCES